Supplier Relationship Management In Todays Increasing Economic Environment Business Essay

Supplier Relationship Management In Todays Increasing Economic Environment Business Essay Abstract In todays increasing economic environment, organisations are looking for new techniques to improve their competitive advantage. The focus of my research is in the area of purchasing which have now become a strategic function and a key reason in positioning competitively among all other competitors. The paper discusses that in recent years, the relationships between buyers and suppliers have been continuously receiving a considerable attention for effective operations within organisations. Traditionally, supplier-buyer relationships were regarded as adversarial, arms length transactions. However, the approach towards managing this relationship is changing and moving towards a more collaborative approach due to the fact that now suppliers are important sources to gain competitive advantage to operate in global markets in terms of their expertise, knowledge and ability of sharing risks. [Research paper Journal] The research aims to provide an understanding of supplier relationship management, factors of supplier evaluation and selection process, and the elements that contribute to the establishment of a productive customer/vendor relationships. Such a study is important for buyers to build and maintain effective relationships with their suppliers for consistent cost reductions while working together to mutually create revenues and other benefits. The paper recommends that this information may work as a reference guideline for buyers when initiating cooperative relationships with their supply sources resulting in advanced purchasing and strategic supply chain management in their organisation. The research method adopted in this dissertation is secondary exploring various business journals, business websites, textbooks and articles. Due to continuous new product developments, product innovations and increase in costs, managing supplier relationships will further become crucial in the near future. Due to this reason, therefore, this paper discusses the requirement of supplier relationships and how this shift in organisational strategy towards building relations has and will going to change the employees role, companys processes and organisational goals. The findings from this research provides an evidence of how companies have improved their supply chain operations through understanding the importance to develop effective supplier relationships as part of their core business activity for not only to achieve success within procurement department but also to successfully complete other supply chain cycle such as maintaining production flow at all times, planning accurately, inventory handling, logistical issues and achieving financial benefits. Examples included findings from large organisations of Hong Kong, Rolls Royce, GE, and Japanese firm Toyota. The main conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that every organisation must emphasise the need to actually develop world class suppliers that helps in building long-term relationships, reduction in costs, improved QCDS (quality, cost, delivery and service) criteria, improved customer service, mutual information sharing, reducing the NPI (new product inspection) costs and becoming world class organisation in the market. Introduction Nowadays, the majority of Organisations believe that their companys real assets are embedded in the quality of the relationships shared between the business and their stakeholders such as clients or customers, employees and suppliers. Developing and managing supplier relationship will be the main subject throughout this project. The objective of this research is to investigate the importance of the need to focus more on building collaborative relationships with their strategic suppliers by large manufacturing companies. With increase in globalisation and restructuring of several organisations, procurements role has changed focusing more towards costs, quality, flexibility and technology. [Herbig and OHara, 1995; Goh and Lau, 1999] In the previous years (traditionally), purchasing was considered as a secretarial function in which the buyer-supplier relationships were viewed as being adversarial and unsurprisingly results in a win/lose outcome. Before, business operations from manufacturing to assembling the finished goods were prepared in-house but now many organisations have moved towards a more combined approach where manufacturing firms have started concentrating more on their core competencies only and rest outsourcing nationally and internationally to satisfy their customer expectations. Organisations are going lean i.e. working towards continuous improvement, adopting just-in time and total quality management and eliminating wastes. This highlighted the requirement for most of the lean organisations to grow cooperative supplier-buyer relationships to achieve real productivity, improved design and quality that are unattainable unless the supplying partners assist in product innovation. Hence, several manufacturers have recognized their ability to become world class competitors based on establishing high levels of trust and cooperation among their suppliers. [They and Briggs (1994)] For example, highlighting the case of Rolls Royce, the engine manufacturer, that outsources 70% of their material from external supply chain and thats the reason Rolls Royce try to encourage their suppliers to work openly and jointly contributing to their performance. Rolls Royce belief in building good supplier relationships assures quality and competitiveness to their product offerings and helps to achieve customer standards. The growing face of domestic and global competition has led to understand the manufacturing companies to practise global sourcing which is a strategy to improve companies competitiveness in the international market through reducing costs, improving quality, increased exposure to universal technology, and improving delivery and reliability. A connection or association is known as a relationship. Relationships are said to be when individuals, organisations and internal or external groups to an enterprise interact. At recent times, relationship marketing describes long-term marketing strategy that emphasise on building and maintaining long-term relationships with customers rather than just focusing on one-time sale approach. At business level, relationship marketing is applied to variety of purchasing supplier relationships in the context of a broader network of interconnected purchasing, supplier and competitor organisations. Supplier relationship is defined as a systematic approach to supplier evaluation, selection and ongoing relationship management with the goal of cutting the costs of goods and services boosting profits. Supplier relationship management is a proactive approach of an ongoing business links to secure a competitive advantage within the organisation, focusing more on overall relationships between the supplier and the customer (buying organisation) rather than focusing on specific contracts. The idea is to develop trust and understanding of each others requirements and interests while providing assistance to each other. For example, Rolls Royce sends their experts to their sub-contract suppliers to improve their technology and performance standards. Such relationships bring profit and provide competitive advantage. [http://www.ogc.gov.uk/process_supplier_performance_and_contract_management_6368.asp] Today, most of the companies have realised that doing business jointly with their strategic suppliers will enhance their organisational ability to respond quickly to demand changes, focus on core business only and hence, results in implementing best practises. For example, Rolls Royce believes their supplier make very essential contribution to their business performance as over 70% of their manufacturing costs comes from external supply sources. focus more on their core competencies such as encouraging suppliers to work with transparency, openly and together to enhance continuous improvements. rather than Small to Medium size Enterprises and many local businesses use Transactional Purchasing whereas Large Enterprises use Relationship Purchasing to compete strongly in this economic climate. Transactional Purchasing Relationship purchasing Focus on short, discrete purchasing Focus on supplier retention Short-term orientation Long-term orientation Arms length Closeness Simple buyer-seller relationship Complicated, including internal relationships Emphasis on price, quality and delivery in the offered product No Innovation Emphasis on price, quality, delivery other factors, like innovative design as a collaborative exercise b/w purchaser and supplier Moderate supplier contacts High level of supplier contact with each contact being used to gain information strengthen the relationship Little sharing of information Significant sharing of information, including cost information and transparency Introducing Supply chain management The project is focused on process for choosing world class suppliers, importance of building supplier relationships, various supplier development approaches and process of negotiation required in purchasing that plays a vital role in todays supply chain management. Explaining what is supply chain management and its various elements that are necessary for the movement of goods and services within the business. Supply chain management consists of the intra and inter-organisational co-ordination of business functions that act as both transformative and support functions. This emphasises managing supply chain effectively must be a key activity within the businesses. [Mentzer et al. (2001)] Supply chain combines flow of materials, goods, and information (includes money) that floats within and between organisations linking with a variety of tangible and intangible facilitators, e.g. relationships, processes, activities and integrated information systems. Different views of supply chains are implemented in terms of a process when operations are emphasised, a logistical channel when emphasises marketing, a value chain whey looking at value added activities, and a demand chain when considering customer satisfaction. [Peck H. (2006)] Key elements of supply chain The key elements of supply chain are that links with each other by the movement of products. The following explains that supply chain starts and ends with the customer: [http://logistics.about.com/od/supplychainintroduction/a/into_scm.htm] Customer This is the customer that starts the value chain by deciding to make a purchase of a particular product for example, in an aviation industry procuring turbine blades or a fan shaft which is offered for sale by an organisation. At this stage, the customer contacts the sales team and places purchase order with a right quantity and delivered on a right date. If in case, this product needs manufacturing then the purchase order includes a requirement that must be fulfilling by the production facility. Planning The requirement for planning occurs when customers purchase order is received and processed with other existing orders. Production plans are created by the planning department to generate products to accomplish the customers order. If manufacturing requires, then raw materials are purchased to complete the process. Purchasing The list of materials e.g. raw materials and services is obtained which is required by the production department to complete the purchase order. Then purchasing team issues purchase orders to procure raw material from selected suppliers on their manufacturing site on a requisite date. Inventory The raw materials that are received from suppliers are checked for quality and moved into the warehouse. The invoice is received for the parts that are delivered by the supplier and then materials are stored until there is a demand from a production area. Production According to the production plan, the raw materials from the inventory are moved into the production area where product manufacturing takes place and creates the finished product. Once the parts are completed, they are again sent back to the warehouse and stored prior to delivery to the ultimate customer. Transportation Logistics department then finds the most efficient shipping method in order to achieve on-time delivery at the right date mentioned by the customer. After goods are received by the customer, an invoice is sent by the organisation (supplier) for delivered products. Outlining Case study: GE-Aviation In this project, there will be discussion on relationship purchasing within aviation industry considering GE Aviation as a case study. Suggesting methods of procurement and ways of maintaining GEs existing and new relationships with suppliers. On-line procurement is one of the major processes that I will be focusing in my project which GE adopts within their business that not only reduces the cost and saves time but also provides the right amount of communication with its suppliers at the right time. For example, GE-Aviation has its own department for RB211 jumbo jet engine where there are teams responsible for engineering, operations, purchasing and billing. The engine gets repaired and maintained on site. For RB211 engine type, GEs biggest supplier is Rolls Royce who is the OEMs and can provide material many times. Using SAP software within the whole organisation saves a huge amount of time for purchasing transactions and also makes easy for GE purchasing team to analyse demand raised and provide forecasting to their suppliers for each product by just looking into the system and working through its historical past. GE uses Relationship Purchasing in which they believe to maximise their revenue it is very important to have good supplier relationships. Some of the key approaches/strategies required before working towards building relationships are as follows: Selecting a world class supplier Companies that outsources internationally their materials opens the opportunity to identify potential suppliers, evaluate and reasonably short list them that result with the best supplier. This is considered as one of the most important process to perform by the procurement team that aims to choose the best supplier that ensures reliable supplies with low risk involved and maximises the overall value to the buyer. The following are the seven key steps involved in supplier evaluation and selection process: (Fig 7.5 Supplier evaluation and selection process [pg 163]) Recognise the need for supplier selection The first step is to recognise the actual need for selection of supplier. Purchasing team must work with new product development department in order to recognise future buying behaviours. Purchasing groups proactively select suppliers and anticipate demands rather than wait until a demand rises. The process to start this evaluation arises due to the following scenarios: Through new product development Poor performance received from existing internal and external suppliers Closure of the contract Procuring new tools and equipments Thinking to expand business into new markets or products Due to inadequate capacity of existing suppliers Throughout outsourcing and re-engineering analyses Deciding to reduce the size of the supply base Identifying the main sourcing requirements All the way through evaluation process, procurement team must keep an eye on what they are intended to do. Acquiring materials is not just important but also focus to meet specific requirements set by the other internal customer and indirectly by other supply chain members. For example, an aviation company like GE that makes engines has to buy all the machinery and spare parts along with buyers taking care to ensure a perfect quality products are delivered on time. Establishing sourcing strategy Developing purchasing strategies results in long term alliances that buyers look each time to compete in todays growing competition. Several vital strategic decisions that affect the selection of suppliers are: Picking single or multiple suppliers Creating short-term or long-term contracts Suppliers wish to develop working partnerships rather than arms length relations Working with suppliers that can provide support with product designs rather than those who cannot modify designs Having choice of local, domestic, foreign or global suppliers Therefore, sourcing strategies and policies must be carefully re-evaluated during supplier selection as requirements changes frequently in shorter times because of changing market conditions, changing consumer preferences and accustomed corporate goals. Identifying potential suppliers This stage identifies a list of suppliers that can actually have the capability to deliver of what is required by the customer. Buyers can use various numbers of sources to develop the preliminary list of supply sources by a quick search of company websites as well as long and detailed search for companies that can support with design and make specialised products. A rule of thumb must take place to determine the effort to be used into supplier selection by comparing the existing suppliers efficiency and strategic importance of an item because too much effort and expensive resources are wasted; too little effort and potential suppliers might be missed in this initial search criteria. Following are the sources of information widely-used to identify potential suppliers: Current suppliers Using existing suppliers who are already on the preferred list which are consistently meeting buyers requirements that reduces the purchasers time and effort in evaluation of supplier capabilities. But at the same time, existing supplier may not always provide the world class long term results and that is the reason why organisations scan information continuously to recognize potential new sources. Sales representatives and agents Marketing information received from these individuals can become a valuable source of information for new product offerings. Buyers keep this information in their file for future reference even if there is no urgent requirement for a supplier service. Internet searches Nowadays suppliers launch customer websites as part of their marketing approach and help the buyers with detailed information from a simple search of possible suppliers. Various other websites can also help in discovering and assessing important information like reviews, comparisons, comments, analyses and case studies of potential suppliers. Experience Experienced individuals working within purchasing team generally carries a wide knowledge about various capable suppliers as experienced buyers have already worked in a particular industry for many years and familiar with the main suppliers and their features. Internal sources Operating different business units within large organisations, each may have their own procurement department. Therefore, other units in the same organisation becomes a valuable source of information exchange to buyers through informal meetings, formal team sessions, an internal database, purchasing newsletters, etc. Limit suppliers in the selection pool At this stage, the procurement team must consolidate and analyse the information gathered on potential supply sources that helps them to make informed decisions. Getting a long list of suppliers is just the initial task but buyers then have to eliminate the weakest suppliers until they attain the strong shortlist. Therefore, the final supplier is then selected from this list. The following are the entry qualifiers features that influence buyers final decision [Howard (1998)]: Financial strength Appropriate business strategy Strong supportive management Proven manufacturing capability Design capability There are also many reasons that influence buyers decision to procure material on the following basis: Buying directly from the original manufacturer or distributor Original equipment manufacturers mostly offer lower prices that avoid the costs of wholesalers and retailers along with profit margins. The final choice must be considered on the basis of four factors including the size of the purchase, the manufacturers policies of direct sales, availability of storage at buyers facility, and the required additional services. Local, national, international and global suppliers Choosing international suppliers are more favourable as they usually offers the best price along with technical support but these have to be balanced by higher shipping costs, stocks, communication problems and common risks involved. Also, choosing local suppliers are considered more responsive to fluctuating demands, small deliveries and regular changes in purchase orders using Just-in-time method that not only supports local suppliers and allows the buyers to enhance local economy but also helps in building community goodwill. Large or small suppliers Usually buyers focus on suppliers capability to do the work rather than selecting on the basis of its size. But a buyer must keep in mind the unexpected increase in demands that can only be dealt by larger firms providing extra capacity to overcome these fluctuations. At the same time, in order to create a diversified supply base, buyers intentionally deal with smaller suppliers. Multiple or single sourcing When there are numerous different suppliers available then it becomes very difficult to make a decision of how many to use? Most of the organisations have chosen a trend to reduce the supply base that will benefit them accordingly. Determining method to select supplier This is the last stage where buyers are left with four to five suppliers in their shortlist and decide to evaluate these remaining organisations by looking at the alternatives in more detail for example, using supplier-provided information, supplier/customer visits, preferred list of suppliers and third-party information. Supplier-provided information Detailed information can be acquired through requesting price quotations. Information received from quotations are then used to understand the product description and supply which is then followed by another requests of a detailed cost breakdown of the price quoted by suppliers initially that must include the costs of labour, materials, overheads and profit as buyers also require operational details to finally evaluate them. Supplier visits One of the most efficient ways of getting an overall view of suppliers capabilities and performance is to visit suppliers facilities by a cross-functional team. Generally, these visits are expensive and time consuming so a buyer must balance their desire to gather as much information as possible confidentially. The following table shows important information points that a buyer must collect during its visit: Management capability Quality management Technology levels Planning and scheduling effectiveness Financial strength Personnel relations E-business capabilities Sophistication and efficiency of operations ISO certifications Skills, knowledge and experience of workforce Evidence of good management and housekeeping Types of inventory Nature of the goods inwards, stores and outwards areas Environmental practices Employee employment contracts Any significant changes planned or expected Contact details of key decision makers Use of preferred suppliers This is a list of suppliers created by the purchasers to reward their best suppliers that consistently meets their strict performance criteria. The list can also be used as an incentive to improve the existing suppliers performance and assessed accordingly. External or third-party information This consists of all the other information available about a potential supplier. For example, Total quality management is a system that insists suppliers to meet the quality standards as similar to buyers and generates a flow of related information throughout the supply chain. Selecting supplier and signing agreement This is the final step to choose the supplier followed by signing a contract. This includes different purchasing orders required for routine and major items, i.e. using standard purchase orders for routine items whereas, detailed negotiation is required to agree on specific details for major items that increases the complexity in the purchase order. Supplier evaluation criteria After considering various steps in selecting suppliers, the buying organisation must analyse the following questions with the supply organisation in order to progress outside their traditional purchasing relationships and possibilities for long term relationships with them: [Spekman (1988)] Has the supplier signified a dedication or willingness for a longer term relationship? Is the supplier enthusiastic to perform resources to develop this relationship? Is the supplier willing or able to participate at the early stage or throughout the stage of product design? Has supplier brought any unique service to the business? Is the supplier showed their interests or commitment towards customers problems and effectively solving them together? Is the supplier is interested in improvements and innovations in the operations? Is there any openness of sharing and exchanging information between both companies? How much knowledgeable is the supplier about the customers industry and business? Is the need for confidentially exchanged information taken seriously? Supplier management and development In todays time, the need to improve supplier performance is open in large or small organisations and for this reason; the purchasing teams must introduce a supplier relationship management (SRM) approach to achieve their organisational goals and success in global purchases of technology. Therefore, this calls for managing resources efficiently throughout supply chain collaborations, dedication required from supply managers, creating standardised best practices effectively and tools required for tracking and evaluating the results. The process must begin with effective supplier performance measures required to undertake strategic supply or procurement decisions for the organisation. [Minahan T. And Vigorose M. (2002)] Effective supplier performance measurements What to measure The factors important to assess the performance includes: Delivery performance The purchase orders that are sent to suppliers involves all the appropriate information on deliveries, with quantities, lead times and due dates. Therefore, it is buyers responsibility to check regularly that how well a supplier actually meets their expected conditions. Cost performance There are many ways that can measure cost performances for example, monitoring real price delivered by the supplier after adjusting increase in the prices (inflation). Quality performance In order to measure quality, the best criteria for buyers is to check that products are delivered in 100% perfect condition with no defects. This also includes comparing previous performances, latest performance with mutually agreed standards and various other figures. Other qualitative factors in supplier performance Factor Explanation Problem solving Suppliers attention to provide solutions to the problem Technical skills Comparing suppliers manufacturing capacity with other business suppliers Reporting progress Suppliers incomplete reporting of existing problems and identifying and communicating other potential problems Corrective action Suppliers timely response to requests for corrective actions and requests for changes Cost-reduction plans Suppliers enthusiasm to find techniques that helps to reduce the total purchase cost New-product development support Suppliers capability to reduce time and cost required for new product development Buyer/seller compatibility Rating subjectively how well a purchasing firm and a supplier work together Therefore, the above are various other factors that help the buyers to measure the suppliers technical ability and closeness of both parties relationships. Reporting frequency This includes preparing reports to provide a clear feedback to supplier on their performance. Purchasing management must communicate with their buyers to send these reports by reviewing them weekly, monthly, quarterly or annually which is then followed with more face-to-face team meeting that reviews their actual performance, discussion on targets, identify potential improvements, examine changes, and so on. Any problems (for example, supplier fails to meet the required standard) occurred during crucial time must be addressed with special reports and meetings to avoid any financial and operational problems. Use of measurement data Procurement staff can make use of data collected from its measurement systems in many ways including: Identifying suppliers which are not meeting the performance goals and highlighting areas that calls for improvements, followed by corrective actions taken to raise the performance to acceptable levels or else finding new suppliers. It helps in discovering excellent performances achieved from supplier which then helps identify preferred suppliers that qualify for long term alliances. It also recognises the worst performing suppliers that are continuously not improving and needs to be removed from supply base whereas offering more work to superior suppliers. Supplier measurement techniques There are three techniques discussed for evaluating performance of suppliers, each differs in their use, level of subjectivity, resources required and implementing cost. Categorical techniques These techniques considers a particular aspect of performance, for example lead time and classifies a set of categories for performance rating as excellent, good, fair or poor and therefore, helps buyers in deciding which supplier is good or bad. This is an easiest system of measurement, easy to use, comparatively inexpensive and also the most subjective. There are some drawbacks of using this technique as they do not provide a clear analysis of performance, slower than automated systems and regarded as the lowest of the three techniques in terms of reliability. Scoring model This method overcomes the subjectivity of categorical technique by calculating a weighted score for different performance categories. This is more reliable and requires reasonable implementation cost providing flexibility for buyers to change the categories included as well as weights allocated to each. Cost-based techniques -This technique is the most comprehensive that can help the buying organisation to look for the total cost required for doing business with a particular supplier by identifying the lowest purchase price is no

Matthew Arnold’s “Culture and Anarchy”

A lot of introductions to literary studies, including the one provided by Nà ¼nning , concentrate on what Collini (2000)2 calls the †Holy Trinityâ€Å" of literary studies: poem, drama and novel. According to Collini, this view dominated the Anglo-American literary study from the 1930’s to at least the early 1970’s. He states †Under this regime, the recalcitrant mixed-mode texts of the Victorian essayist and moralists did not fare well.â€Å".Nevertheless, non-fictional types of texts are the most common in everyday life. Were would humanity be without newspapers, manuals, hypertexts, and all the other pieces of †non-fictional proseâ€Å" which are, according to Collini †a nearly limitless categoryâ€Å"?It is the the most red category, and the category most written in. Writers are mostly engaged in non-fictional prose. There are millions of journalists and scientists today; not to speak of all the bureaucrats in the administrations of nearl y every enterprise or government, who write trillions of letters, reports and presentations every day. Non-fictional prose is worth more attention.This paper is concerned with a piece of non-fictional prose. Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold. In order to deliver a sufficient analysis, there will be a chapter on the author first, to get an impression of how to understand the utterances. This includes a brief summary of the most important texts that were published by Matthew Arnold before Culture and Anarchy. Afterwards, there will be a chapter on text types, to clarify which category of text the work belongs to. At last, there will be the analysis of, as an application of the theory from the chapter before, with respect to the current scientific state of interpretation of Culture and Anarchy.1. Matthew Arnold: BenchmarksMatthew Arnold lived from 1822 to 1888. He was an elementary-school-inspector from 1851-86. He wrote poems until he was thirty3 . The most popular one is Dover  Nà ¼nning, Vera. An introduction to the study of English and American literature. Barcelona [et al.]: Klett, 2007  Collini, Stefan. â€Å"From ’Non-Fiction Prose’ to ’Cultural Criticism’: Genre and Disciplinarity in Victorian Studies†. pp. 13-28. John, Juliet (ed. and introd.); Jenkins, Alice (ed. and introd.) and Sutherland, John (foreword) Rethinking Victorian Culture. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan, 2000. xvi, 244 pp Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, p 488Beach, where he pictured the struggling of his generation with religion and progress and finds a relief in love as a reliable fix-point in life. His poems became so popular, that he was elected the (foremost honorary) post of Professor of Poetry at Oxford University, where he was obliged to hold public lectures three times a year. He was the first unordained holder of the post and spoke English instead of Latin.In 1861 he held a lecture on translating homer, that was published as a book later. E.K. Brown (258) detects a dogmatic element in that essay, when Arnold asserts, that Homer is â€Å"the most important poetical monument existing† and prophesies that he will be read more and more in the future. In the same year, 1861, Arnold published The Popular Education in France, on his own expense. In the Introduction he makes an ominous statement about society as a whole, that was later republished under the title Democracy.The next publication in book-form was Essays on Criticism5 , where he developed a method called â€Å"disinterestedness† (dis- = not, inter- = between, esse= to be). It was not considered to be very helpful by scientists. Chhibbar6 states that it was â€Å"†¦ fragmented, chaotic, and uncentered.† (164), but Caufield7 suggests, that the lack of consistency was compensated by â€Å"a habit of keeping in touch with the concrete† and a â€Å"gift for implicit definition†.Arnold described himself as a â€Å"à ¢â‚¬ ¦ mere solitary wanderer in search of the light†, who speaks an â€Å"artless, unstudied, every-day, familiar language.† (ibid., footnote 2). Having said this, his method can as well be called empirical and inductive. Arnold also pleaded that the mere â€Å"application of principles† was tautological, could not provide a â€Å"sense of creative activity.† (38) and that it would sincerely take a lot of logic to build a machine but the idea to build a machine came from intuition (ix).The subsequent book, Culture and Anarchy, was continuing in the tradition of Essays in Criticism, insofar as it was primarily a collection of essays published in a magazine before. According to Collini (1993, 276), Arnold was involved in an almost continuous series of overlapping Brown, A.K. †The Strategy of â€Å"Disinterestedness†Ã¢â‚¬ . pp 251-262. Weber, Horst (ed.) Der Englische Essay. Darmstadt, 1975.  Arnold, Matthew Essays on Criticism.Chhibbar, Sude rshan. Victorian perspectives on democracy : a study of selected literary documents 1832 – 1867, Dissertation, 1980  Caufield, James W. â€Å"Most Free from Personality: Arnold’s Touchstones of Ethics†, Cambridge Quarterly (2009) 38 (4): 307-327. Collini, Stefan. â€Å"Arnold†. pp. 195-326.Thomas, Keith (ed.) Victorian Thinkers. Past Masters. Oxford, 1993. vii, 428 pp.  controversies, which started around the time of Democracy.  Arnold retrieved from social criticism, when three of his children died in a short sequence of time. He started to focus on religion and got a lot of appreciation for that. Later, he declined becoming professor at Oxford again, as well as becoming Director of a University.According to the Oxford Companion of English Literature Arnold was â€Å"the leading critic of his time†. His contemporaries must have had a different view. According to Caufield , Arnold had been a â€Å"cast out† until the end  of the 2nd world war. He was seen as a †frivolous dandyâ€Å", †logical light-weightâ€Å", †stupid weaklingâ€Å", â€Å"incoherent chatter† or â€Å"intellectual dandy† (237), whose â€Å"airy dogmatism† was â€Å"ambitious, vague and perverse† (244), and could only serve to impress â€Å"young ladies or old women† (243).His style was deemed as â€Å"an almost feminine concreteness of mind that rarely rose above the simplistic level of anecdotal narrative† (242). According to Caufield, Arnold reproduced the Utilitarian versus Romantic polarity and concludes that â€Å"Arnold appears to be figure of late Romanticism†, whose contemporaries claimed that his arguments lacked â€Å"the logical and moral toughness demanded by the disciplines of political economy and ’felicific calculus’ (cf. Bentham).† . The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography confirms that †In much of Arnold’s poetry one se es the disconsolate Romantic trying to turn himself into the resolute stoic.â€Å" (489).2. How to Analyse an Essay2.2 Patterns of OrganisationMiller distinguishes 6 patterns of organisation for the information in an essay; illustration, comparison & contrast, definition, division and classification, process, and causal analysis. Illustration means giving examples. Comparisons and contrasts are used to make things clearer, show the positive side of something or to find a general principle. A definition is the explanation of vague and ambiguous words.A formal definition puts the term in a general class and then differentiates it from the other members of that class. An extended definition is used to explain an uncommon term which is new or abstract. A Differentiation is showing what is not part of the definition. A division is the separation into groups, and a classification is the placement of units into these groups. A process is â€Å"a sequence of actions and operations†, which has no focus on the story. A causal analysis consist of necessary, contributory and sufficient causes.2.3 Diï ¬â‚¬erent Types of EssaysThere are different kinds of distinctions possible to differentiate between certain types of essays. On the level of topic, the author can use the a narration, description, exposition or argumentation. On the level of style, there are more or less formal essays to distinguish.2.3.1 Narration, Description, Exposition, ArgumentationMiller (168 n.) explains that the narration has a clear time sequence, can use dialogues and a varying point of view, whereas a description is a â€Å"sensory diction† (ibid.). It can ether stay detached from the narration, be (objective/factual) or include personal feelings and opinions of the narrator (subjective/personal). An exposition is the explain  Svaglic, Martin J. â€Å"Classical Rhetoric and Victorian Prose†. pp 230-250. Weber, Horst (ed.) Der Englische Essay, Darmstadt, 1975. Nation of inf ormations and/or ideas, and an argumentation â€Å"proposes† (366) of a point of view.  In this view Culture and Anarchy clearly is an argumentation.2.3.2 The Informal, Formal and Periodical EssayFreiburg15 distinguishes three types (â€Å"Muster†) of essays which developed successively in history; the informal essay, the formal essay and the periodical essay. The archetype of essay was ’invented’ by Michel de Montaigne. He thought that the writer had to be able to unfold his thoughts without constrains. Form, topic and stylistic devices were kept open. Thematically, reading often was the starting point of de Montaigne’s thoughts, which were explicated, quasi ’live’, in his essays. So they have hardly a structure, are rhetorical and associative.According to Mace-Tessler Bacon called himself an â€Å"imitator of de Montaigne†(15), but he shifted the focus from â€Å"personal inquiry† (ibid.) to social and philosophical topics. According to Freiburg, the essays of Bacon had a clear intention and target group, and were written in tradition of the ’Speculum Magistratis’. Therefore, the tone was kept rational and Bacon underlined his educatedness or cited other authorities to be accepted as an advisor.The rational tone was achieved by the use of definitions and a dialectical logic. The stylistic devices used were comparisons, parables and metaphors. They served for illustration. To easy the memorisation of the  conclusions, aphorisms and maxims were employed.The aim of the formal essay is the transmission of lessons. The periodical essay was ’invented’ by people like Daniel Defoe in the beginning of the newspaper. It was dominant in the Victorian and fin-de-sià ¨cle period. There was an increasing readership, achieved by the cheapness of periodicals and there was a growth in reading public because of elementary education and the overall growth of the middle-class.Mace-Te ssler adds, that the periodical essay is considered as one aspect in the development of journalism. Freiburg describes it as a mixed form of informal and formal essay. The essays where published in magazines and journals. Topics were taken from everyday life in the newly established middle class. They were read silently at the breakfast table, or aloud at the coffee-house. There was a high variety of generic  devices: letters, reports, poems and even fictional narrations are being subsumed under this category. The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins is one example. It was published in â€Å"All the year round†, a periodical owned by Charles Dickens.The focus of the periodical essay lied less on what was said, than on how it was said. There was a shift away from subject-matter, towards an examination of the author’s attitude towards a subject. The result was an â€Å"almost conspirational† and â€Å"familiarly† (cf. Mace-Tessler) tone. The periodical essay had t o have a certain predictability because the journal or magazine had to be sold. However, a variety of structures, styles and essay types were needed to sustain the readers’ interest and attention.This variety had to follow some predictable patterns. In general, there was a tendency to  imitate what has been before which formed the style of the periodical essay (Mace-Tessler, 11). Drescher (228 n.) makes an over-all distinction between free essay, formal essay and mix-form essay.This coincides with to Freiburg’s informal, formal and periodical distinction. Drescher states, like suggested by Mace-Tessler, that the style of the periodical essay was foremost coined by the magazine which published it.He analysed 221 periodical essays in two Irish fin-de-sià ¨cle-magazines (The Mirror and The Lounger) and he omitted the use of a categorization by topic, tone or style in favour of four basic structures.The additive, linear, discursive and integral structure. The additive s tructure is characterised by the fact that the parts of the text are not interrelated. They don’t depend on each other and have different topics. In the linear structure, each part of the essay relates directly to the other, as well as to the topic, but there is no interrelation between the texts. The discursive structure has a progressive arrangement of the single texts.The episodes have a causal relation, each text leads to the other and each unit references to the topic. In an integral structure, the parts of the particular essay develop their own structure, and the sense-level stays directly connected to the topic. Mace-Tessler distinguishes rhetorical, simple, unified, associated, unrelated and incomplete essays in his analysis of the periodicals The Tatler and The Spectator.3. Analysis3.1 Type of EssayCulture and Anarchy was written as a rhetorical essay, published first in the periodical Cornhill Magazine over a period of almost a year. The Introduction was written at last and the particular chapters argument on a different basis of information because they were written in different periods. According to Chhibbar, there had been â€Å"profound changes and tensions† (197) at the time of the accruement of Culture and Anarchy. According to Altick17 , all but the first part, Sweetness and Light, were written as reaction to the critiques. The structure of the whole text must be called linear, in the terminology of Drescher.3.2 Diegetic LevelAs seen above, Arnold was publishing from different perspectives. Campbell18 states that the movement between the roles of school inspector, government official (as an expert), Oxford Professor of Poetry, critic and â€Å"polemical journalist† required the adjustment in the style and content. This shifting between different voices was especially present in the critical writing that used irony, imitation and parody to undermine the views of â€Å"formed personages†. He sometimes even used a fore igners point of view to criticize his countrymen. Campbell suggests to read his criticism more like fiction.3.3 Rhetorical ModeBecause periodical essays were read aloud in the coffee houses authors often made use of rhetorical elements. According to Svaglic (234), the Rhetoric by Aristotle had long been a basic text of the â€Å"litterae humaniores program† at Oxford. Thus it must have been known by Matthew Arnold. Brown even calls him a â€Å"practised rhetorician† (259). Svaglic describes the three modes of rhetoric by Aristotle, who distinguished between the deliberative/hortatory, the forensic/judicial mode, and the epideictic/ceremonial mode.The deliberative/hortatory mode is the persuasion of view-points, the forensic/judicial mode is concerned with guilt and innocence, and the epideictic/ceremonial mode is used for the praise of great men and deeds. Brown states that all great Victorian prose writers were practising every mode of rhetoric at one time or another, but the most popular was the deliberative/hortatory mode (233).Arnold announces that he is a â€Å"man without a philosophy† (94) and speaks of a â€Å"simple unsystematic way† which â€Å"best suits both my taste and my powers† (5), and continuous â€Å"We †¦ having no coherent philosophy, must not let ourselves philosophise.† (Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, 201). This â€Å"plain-dealing† (Altick, 82) enables him to anatomise the failures of the middle class by being a â€Å"representative man† (ibid.) of it.3.4 Use of IronyAccording to Altick, the irony of Culture and Anarchy often lies in the fact that the professed respect is proforma and misdirected, or, what starts as epideictic rhetoric is negated by â€Å"deflationary techniques† (128). Due to the fact that Culture and Anarchy was written in pieces (linear structure), the use of â€Å"beautiful† is ambiguous. Wilhem von Humboldt is described as â€Å"one of the mo st beautiful and perfect souls† (140), which is supposed to be actually meant that way, for example. But on the other hand, there is, what Altick (132) calls â€Å"ironic praise†; the â€Å"touching and beautiful words† (61) of the fanatical anti-Catholic Mr. Murphy saying â€Å"I will carry out my lectures if they walk over my body as a dead corpse†, which is definitely neither touching nor beautiful.â€Å"Interesting† is one of the most equivocal words in Arnold’s argumentative vocabulary. For example, the â€Å"interesting speakers† (74), he heard during the Reform Debates in the House of Commons. One is later described as â€Å"perfection†, the other as â€Å"excess†. Excess is not interesting. Another example is â€Å"this very interesting operation† (223), for the attempt to legalise the marriage of a man with his deceased wife’s sister. It was illegal in Britain, but how often does such a case happen? There were much more important problems to be solved at that time – at least from Arnold’s point of view. The absurdity of this â€Å"interesting operation† is emphasised in the aftermath of the text by repetition.3.5 Use of RepetitionsThe phrase â€Å"deceased wife’s sister† gets repeated nine times in Culture and Anarchy. This rhetorical method of Arnold attempts to humiliate the opponent. This is also acknowledged by Collini, who states: â€Å"†¦ by mercilessly repeating the least happy phrases  over and over again, he drowns his opponent in a sea of comic associations.† (216).Sometimes repetition only serves in substitution for a sufficient vocabulary, like in â€Å"†¦ real thought, real beautiy; real sweetness and real light.† (49); or to show similarities like the â€Å"half-sized, half-fed half-clothed† children â€Å"without health, without home, without hope† (245). This similarities all hint to one point: the lack of a sufficient policy. As a â€Å"polemical journalist† (vid. infr. Campbell), Arnold tries to persuade (deliberative rhetoric). One big part of this early type of propaganda is the attempt for coinage by excessive repetition of newly defined terms.3.6 Deï ¬ nitions, Comparisons and ContrastsCulture is â€Å"the best which has been thought and said in the world† (ix). This is thereby nearly equal to religion. â€Å"Religion says: The kingdom of God is within you; and culture, in a like manner places human perfection in an internal condition, †¦ distinguished from animality.† (13). An attribute of culture is â€Å"right reason† as well as â€Å"best self †. The â€Å"really blessed thing is to like what right reason ordains† (68).â€Å"But for us,— who believe in right reason, in the duty and possibility of extricating and elevating our best self, in the progress of humanity towards perfection, †¦ we â₠¬ ¦ support them in repressing anarchy and disorder; because without order there can be no society, and without society there can be no human perfection.†The chasm of â€Å"without† and â€Å"society† serves the rhetorical effect. Anarchy is more or less defined as â€Å"doing as one likes†. The natural instinct of the ordinary man towards liberty is thereby degenerated into an â€Å"anarchical tendency† (59), caused by liberty. This â€Å"doing as one likes† is juxtaposed with â€Å"sweetness and light† (differentiation).According to the Oxford English Dictionary19 â€Å"Sweetness and Light† is a quotation from Jonathan Swift and means the noblest characteristics of humanity. His definition of â€Å"sweetness and light† is juxtaposed with â€Å"fire and strength†, his own coinage, repeated twelve times. Sweetness and light are â€Å"right reason†, â€Å"best self † and â€Å"culture†; but some times this must be protected by the forces of â€Å"fire and strength†. â€Å"State† is defined as â€Å"the nation in its  collective and corporate character†(66). This is based on the â€Å"best self † and becomes the â€Å"national right reason† (93). Culture and Anarchy is full of juxtapositions.According to Miller, Signalling words for comparisons and contrast are are ’in contrast’ (1 time), ’on the other hand’(14 times),  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢on the contrary’ (3 times) and ’however’(28 times); or transition words like ’likewise’ (3 times), ’similarly’ (2 times ’similar’) and ’in a like manner’ (’manner’: 21 times). On the level of content, the most obvious contrasts are between the ’bad examples’ like the liberals Roebuck and Bright, the Alderman of London and Mr. Murphy as well as the writers of the Times, the Saturday Review and the Daily Telegraph, who are compared with the with the good examples of Bishop Wilson, Duke Wellington and St. Augustine.3.7 DialoguesAs mentioned above by Freiburg, its not uncommon to use a dialogue in an essay. The following one can be found in the introduction to Culture and Anarchy where Arnold reports his conversation with a Nonconformist â€Å"†¦ I said, that seemed a pity. ’A pity?’ cried he; ’not at all! †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (xxxiv)3.8 MetaphorsOne can always find thousands of metaphors in every text. But the poetic language of the late Romanticist Arnold, used on a nearly Utilitarian topic makes a very picturesque use of metaphors. Arnold describes himself as â€Å"delivered from the Bondage of Bentham† (46), to implicates that he has liberated himself from a philosophy which holds the enemies of culture captive. (Altick, 124).4. ConclusionThis paper has shown that non-fictional prose needs to be investigated by literary studies. It has shown the importance of the essay in the Victorian and fin-de-sià ¨cle period in his parallelism to the development of the periodicals and – with it – the journalism. This might give a hint for the future, on how to analyse hypertexts like bloggs, which can also be read as more or less formal essays.Culture and Anarchy is an example of polemical rhetoric. It was written by a poet of late Romanticism and is thus not well-structured, but very effective. In the words of Caufield (325) â€Å"Arnold the poet knows that stained glass and plainsong will sooner quicken hearts than scholastic disquisitions and cosmological proofs.†

Essay on Science I-search - 1613 Words

Science I-search When the word scientist is mentioned, the public most commonly accepts this word in a positive sense. Scientists are known to find the cure for diseases and heal people through their research. Not until the genetic revolution have scientists been shunned and viewed as malevolent to the community. When the term genetic revolution is used, I am pertaining mainly to the issue of cloning. After the new discovery by Scottish researchers, who were responsible for creating the sheep that captured the attention of the world, the societys reproduction and moral issues have taken a different meaning in life. Since this new discovery of cloning scientists now have more power than ever and along with this power comes great†¦show more content†¦If our government doesnt control the research and laboratory experiments that are occurring around the world, I am almost certain chaos will spread world spread. When dealing with such an enormous discovery, the positive arguments may be great, ho wever, what always comes with the good is the bad. The search: Starting the search, I found myself on the telephone asking all my family and friends who called that day, what topic I should do for my research paper. Since our class spent a great deal of time exploring articles that pertained to creation of man and science progression, I thought cloning would be a great topic. The issue of cloning pertains to both creation and the progression of science, making this topic perfect for what this class has been covering. After reading the articles assigned in class, I was introduced to other peoples views about how they feel and what direction society should take with science. The excerpts, from Mary Shellys Frankenstein talks about how Frankenstein feels after creating his monster. He knew what he had done because his work was his whole life. 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The Importance Of Mobility XE - 1049 Words

Clients have understand that there is end-to-end security, application determination as clients move all through remote scope ranges, gadget and approach administration, and consistent wandering between Wi-Fi and wide-territory cell information systems. NetMotion programming is sent at more than 1,700 associations around the world, upgrading portable laborer profitability in numerous businesses including utilities, human services, correspondences, open wellbeing, nearby government, and transportation. Mobility XE can be effectively migrated, versatile VPN constructed particularly for exceptionally versatile workers who require solid remote access to mission†critical information and applications. The most ideal approach to perceive how†¦show more content†¦Web image acceleration: Mobility XE incorporates the choice to do picture pressure of GIF and JPEG documents so as to accelerate Web perusing. There are two approaches to do this—with and without Policy Management: Versatility XE can be designed to control the measure of Web picture speeding up that clients encounter: clients see Web pictures at the designed pressure level. Like information pressure, Web picture increasing speed can be set all inclusive, or per gathering, gadget, or client from the Mobility reassure (on the Client Settings page). As a matter of course, Web picture pressure isnt turned on. The Mobility administration comfort makes it simple and effective for IT supervisors to regulate large†scale portable figuring organizations. ï‚ § The Mobility comfort gives expansive remote†management capacities to help worldwide arrangements. HIPAA, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, sets the standard for ensuring sensitive patient information. Any organization that arrangements with secured wellbeing data (PHI) must guarantee that all the required physical, system, and process safety efforts are set up and took after. The HIPAA Privacy Rule tends to the sparing, getting to and sharing of therapeutic and individual data of any individual, while the HIPAA Security Rule all the more particularly diagrams national security gauges to ensure wellbeing information made, got, kept up or transmittedShow MoreRelatedCisco Systems Inc3941 Words   |  16 Pagesoutput interpreter, command lookup tool, bug search tool, and special file access. The support case manager allows you to create and manage support cases with the TAC. The Cisco feature navigator allows you to quickly find the right Cisco IOS, IOS XE, IOS XR and Cat OS software release for the features you want to run on your network. The error message decoder helps you research and resolve error messages. You follow each step to receive a description, recommended action, and related resourcesRead MoreLi-Ion Batteries10392 Words   |  42 Pagesresult, an introduction describing the way these batteries generically function will be presented and thereof the individual components of a Li-ion battery will be considered; the positive and negative electrodes and the electrolyte. Additionally the importance of this field of research given todays world will be described alongside some crucial applications. Whatever the measures for the performance of a battery, they will always be related to the inherent properties of the materials used to constructRead MoreThe Effects of Ownership Structure, Board Effectiveness and Managerial Discretion on Performance of Listed Companies in Kenya27922 Words   |  112 Pagesgovernance not only affects microeconomic efficiency by facilitating the development and functioning of the capital market and resource allocation, but also impacts upon the behavior and performance of firms. In fact, with globalization and capital mobility, corporate governance has become an important framework for understanding competitiveness of countries and corporations (Ibid, 1999, pp.4). However, there is no single model of corporate governance that is universally applicable across countriesRead MoreCell Biology Final Essay30093 Words   |  121 Pagesbecause it can A) form a stable double helix with a complementary nucleic acid strand. -B) catalyze the polymerization of nucleotides into another RNA strand. C) form ribosomes. D) transfer amino acids to ribosomes. 9. The initial importance of a membrane enclosing self-replicating RNA molecules and associated proteins was that a membrane -A) maintained these molecules as a unit capable of reproduction and evolution. B) provided sites for proteins to function. C) transported materials